彭富春
事实上,海德格尔这篇文章最核心的内容我们在第一部分已经讲完了,第二部分主要是讨论建筑如何属于居住,并从具体的建筑物出发,海德格尔把它具体化为这里或那里的一座桥梁,通过桥梁来揭示一个建筑物是如何从属于居住的。在这个揭示的过程中,我们看到桥梁首先是跟河流发生关系,然后是跟河岸发生关系,第三是跟河岸相连的风景或者田野发生关系。在这样的多重关系之中,最根本的就是聚集了天地人神。这里请大家注意一个普遍的思想与一个具体的思想的差异。我们知道在海德格尔晚期思想当中,他对世界和物的理解都是从天地人神出发的,但是讨论桥梁的时候,必须要把这里的天地人神具体化。这里的“天”是阳光、风和雨,是天气;这里的“地”是河流及其河床,是水;这里的“人”是过桥者,行走在道路上的人;这里的“神”可以说是一个桥神,它庇护了过桥者。无论人们是否意识到或者感念了桥神,无论桥神是隐匿还是显现,桥的神性都保护了他,可以克服他的不幸,把他带向拯救和治疗之中。我们这里再明确一下,“桥”是一个“物”,同时也是一个“世界”,同时也聚集了一个“四元”。但这里的“桥”是一个具体的物,所以不能大字眼,大概念,而一定要切中。我这里反复强调这个,是希望我们同学们自己在思考问题和写文章的时候,当谈一个具体问题时一定要具体化,用日常语言的说法就是不要让一个小脑袋戴上一个大帽子,而应该让小脑袋戴小帽子,大脑袋戴大帽子。好,下面开始课文的讲解。
The bridge gathers to itself in its own way earth and sky, divinities and mortals.
Gathering or assembly, by an ancient word of our language, is called "thing." The bridge is a thing-and, indeed, it is such as the gathering of the fourfold which we have described. To be sure, people think of the bridge as primarily and really merely a bridge; after that, and occasionally, it might possibly express much else besides; and as such an expression it would then become a symbol, for instance ,t symbol of those things we mentioned before. But the bridge, if it is a true bridge, is never first of all a mere bridge and then afterward a symbol. And just as little is the bridge in the first place exclusively a symbol, in the sense that it expresses something that strictly speaking does not belong to it. If we take the bridge strictly as such, it never appears as an expression. The bridge is a thing and only that. Only? As this thing it gathers the fourfold.
Our thinking has of course long been accustomed to understate the nature of the thing. The consequence, in the course of Western thought, has been that the thing is represented as an unknown X to which perceptible properties are attached. From this point of view, everything that already belongs to the gathering nature of this thing does, of course, appear as something that is afterward read into it. Yet the bridge would never be a mere bridge if it were not a thing.
(同学朗读、翻译和讲解省略)
海德格尔通过前面的分析得出一个结论:这个桥聚集了天地人神。但是一定要注意,是以它自己独有的方式。下面他就把重心由“聚集”转向了“物”,或者说“事物 ”、“事情”。我们讲“桥聚集了世界”,但是“聚集”本身是什么呢?“聚集”本身就是“物”。我们前面已经讲过,海德格尔是从来反对把“事物”、“事情” 当做一个客体,或者当做一个主体,即内心里的想法,同时也反对把它作为主客体的合一。而“事情”到底是怎么回事呢?事情(事物)作为事情在发生,发生事情,事情是发生出来的,这就是我们讲的“生”。这也吻合海德格尔中晚期最主要的核心词“生成”(Ereignis)。基于此,海德格尔提出,既不能把桥仅仅当作桥(mere bridge),孤立的客体的桥,也不能把桥当做一个符号,一个象征。这是海德格尔要去蔽的两个方面。
接下来一段呢,海德格尔是从对桥的误解出发,来对西方思想作一个批判。这里海德格尔主要是批判西方思想把物当做一个“X”,即一个对象。在这样的思想背景里,桥被看成一个“X”,它有一些可感觉的特性,这些特性附属于它。海德格尔认为这样的思考方式是根本不可能理解桥本身的,所以海德格尔在这里说了一句极端的话:“如果这个桥本身不是一个物的话,它压根就不可能成为一个桥。”这是一句虚拟的说法,如果注意到前面对物的理解,这句话更准确地说乃是:“如果这个桥本身不是天地人神的聚集,不是作为一个事情在发生的话,它不可能成为一个桥。”
以上两段分别是对桥的理解的去蔽,和对物的理解的去蔽。那么下面就是显示桥作为物的本性。对于物的理解,海德格尔在《艺术作品的本源》以及其他几个地方都讲的很清楚,我这里再重复一下,第一是偶性的载体(客观的),第二是感觉的复合(主观的),第三是赋形的质料(主客观合一),古今中外一般的对物的观念基本都不会超过以上三个范围。而海德格尔超出了这个范围,他不使用主客观的模式思考,而是用“物物化”。物物化就是物生成。这里我们要注意,桥作为一个特别的物,是如何特别地发生的,它的发生是如何相关于“空间”,“场所”、“地方”的。
请同学们在阅读下面几段时,一方面要注意海德格尔是如何讨论桥自身独特的空间、场所和地方时,另一当面也要注意它会关涉到海德格尔哲学最基本的一个语词,就是存在的真理,真理的存在,即“林中空地”这个作为地方的地方。这里可以看出,海德格尔作为一位伟大的思想家,他讲什么都万变不离其宗。海德格尔谈了这么多,最后都关乎世界、四元和物,而世界和物最根本的是什么呢?就是存在的真理,真理的存在。而存在的真理,真理的存在又是什么呢?就是林中空地。但请大家一定要注意他思想的过渡,这绝非是穿凿附会的东西。我们平时的问题就是喜欢把一个小问题和一个大问题没有经过思想的演示,就把它很生硬的等同在一起。我们甚至可以说,中国的思想当中很多也有这样的问题,它们都是经常没有把事情的过程揭示出来的,而海德格尔则与之不同。好,继续下一段。
To be sure, the bridge is a thing of its own kind; for it gathers the fourfold in such a way that it allows a site for it. But only something that is itself a location can make space for a site. The location is not already there before the bridge is. Before the bridge stands, there are of course many spots along the stream that can be occupied by something. One of them proves to be a location, and does so because of the bridge. Thus the bridge does not first come to a location to stand in it; rather, a location comes into existence only by virtue of the bridge. The bridge is a thing; it gathers the fourfold, but in such a way that it allows a site for the fourfold. By this site are determined the localities and ways by which a space is provided for.
(同学朗读、翻译和讲解省略)
这里有几个词我预先给大家讲一下。第一是“空间”,空间是腾空,这里海德格尔作了一个语言游戏,通过德语词根的变化使“空间”与“腾空”发生了关联,“腾空 ”避免了将空间静态化甚至客观化的理解,“腾空”是生成和聚集。第二是“场所”,空间的可能是在于场所,桥的空间在于它的上面提供了一条道路。第三是“地方”,场所的可能必须要有一个地方。桥自身首先就是一个地方,以此它允诺了一个场所。而这个地方并不是摆在那里的,是生出来的,地方并不是预先存在于桥之前,而是桥通过建桥开辟了地方,让地方生出来。因此海德格尔就在这个地方得出这么一个结论:只有通过场所的建立,才会有位置和道路,也才会有空间的腾空。
(课间休息)
我们这里要强调一下,就是希望大家摆脱汉语日常语言中对于“地方”、“场所”和“空间”模糊化的分析,而要进入海德格尔对此三个词的重新的具体的规定。但是无论怎么讲,对这三个词的理解都有一个绝招,就是将其动词化。“空间”是腾出一个空间,“场所”是提供一个场所,“地方”是生出一个地方。这三者都要将其动词化,而不能把它看成一个对象,不能看成一个实体。对象和实体当然也是有的,但它要以“生”为基础。“生”就是生出事情。大家把握了这一点,就会理解海德格尔讲的“空间”、“场所”和“地方”的本性。好,下面一段。
Only things that are locations in this manner allow for spaces. What the word for space, Raum, Rum, designates is said by its ancient meaning. Raum means a place cleared or freed for settlement and lodging. A space is something that has been made room for, something that- namely within a boundary, Greek peras. A boundary is not that at which something stops but, as the Greeks recognized, the boundary is that from which something begins its presencing. That is why the concept is that of horismos, that is, the horizon, the boundary. Space is in essence that for which room has been made, that which is let into its bounds. That for which room is made is always granted and hence is joined, that is, gathered, by virtue of a location, that is, by such a thing as the bridge. Accordingly, spaces receive their being from locations and not from "space."
(同学朗读、翻译和讲解省略)
我还是把“空间”、“场所”和“地方”分别对应的德语和英语词都写出来,方便大家理解。“空间”是Raum/space,“场所”是Staette/site,“地方”是Ort/location。海德格尔的基本思想就是:桥是一个物的生成,可以说,没有这个物的生成,空间、场所和地方都是不存在的。当桥成为桥时,桥自身就是一个地方,然后地方提供一个场所,有了场所然后就有空间。我们来具体看看。第一句话,“物,作为这样一种样式的地方,允诺了空间”。“允许”、“允诺”的德语原意就是“提供”。这里就要探讨空间是什么。一般的“空间”的理解按照我们前面的讲解,无非也是三种可能,首先是牛顿的客观的时空观;然后是康德的空间作为人的先验直观形式,这是主观的;最后是主客观的合一。而海德格尔强调“空间”要回到它的本意,此本意就是我们讲的“腾空”。这么一个“腾空”,海德格尔说就是“带有边界 ”。腾空一个地方意味着给这个地方提供一个边界。而“边界”应该给予正确的理解,“边界”不是一个事物的终止之处,而应该是事物的开端之处。做这种理解的 “边界”就是“地平线”,地平线是我们能够看到的最大的边界,正是在这个边界当中,才能够腾空和许可,才有空间、场所和地方。最后,海德格尔说,“空间的本性是来源于地方,而不是来源于‘这个空间’”,后者的‘这个空间’是指对象化和广延、实体意义上的空间。比如我们不能把一座房子的空间理解为它已经预先在宇宙当中实体化地存在,只是我们用转头和钢筋把它分割了出来。而对海德格尔而言,预先所在的那个“空间”是虚幻的,是没有意义的,真正的空间必须是生出来的,腾空的。好,下面一段。
Things which, as locations, allow a site we now in anticipation call buildings. They are so called because they are made by a process of building construction. Of what sort this making-building-must be, however, we find out only after we have first given thought to the nature of those things which of themselves require building as the process by which they are made. These things are locations that allow a site for the fourfold, a site that in each case provides for a space. The relation between location and space lies in the nature of these things qua locations, but so does the relation of the location to the man who lives at that location. Therefore we shall now try to clarify the nature of these things that we call buildings by the following brief consideration.
(同学朗读、翻译和讲解省略)
这一段是过渡段。一方面对前面讲的内容做了总结,另一方面转向了对另外的问题的探讨。关于前面的总结是:桥是一个特别的物,建筑物。此特别物的规定就是它作为一个地方提供一个场所,并进而允诺一个空间。这是第一层意思。第二层意思,建筑物是被建筑出来,是被带出来的,我们如何能够思考这个“带出来“呢,如何能够把这个“带出来”的本性经验到?我们就必须考虑到这种事情的本性,哪种事情呢?从它自身出发它要求作为“带出来”的事物。然后第三层意思,思考从它自身出发它要求作为“带出来”的物,就是将物作为这么一个地方,它许可了四元,即天地人神,而且这个地方腾出了空间。桥作为这样的地方,实际上包含了两种关系,一方面是地方与空间的关系,另一方面是地方与人的关系。因此下面将继续讨论这两方面的关系。当然海德格尔已经预先概略性地说明了这两层关系,一方面地方规定了空间,另一方面地方作为天地人神也规定了人,而不是人去规定一个地方。好,下面一段尽管很长,但我们还是把它念完。
For one thing, what is the relation between location and space? For another, what is the relation between man and space?
The bridge is a location. As such a thing, it allows a space into which earth and heaven, divinities and mortals are admitted. The space allowed by the bridge contains many places variously near or far from the bridge. These places, however, may be treated as mere positions between which there lies a measurable distance; a distance, in Greek stadion, always has room made for it, and indeed by bare positions. The space that is thus made by positions is space of a peculiar sort. As distance or "stadion" it is what the same word, stadion, means in Latin, a spatium, an intervening space or interval. Thus nearness and remoteness between men and things can become mere intervals of intervening space. In a space that is represented purely as spatium, the bridge now appears as a mere something at some position, which can be occupied at any time by something else or replaced by a mere marker. What is more, the mere dimensions of height, breadth, and depth can be abstracted from space as intervals. What is so abstracted we represent as the pure manifold of the three dimensions. Yet the room made by this manifold is also no longer determined by distances; it is no longer a spatium, but now no more than extensio- extension. But from a space as extensio a further abstraction can be made, to analytic-algebraic relations. What these relations make room for is the possibility of the construction of manifolds with an arbitrary number of dimensions. The space provided for in this mathematical manner may be called "space," the "one" space as such. But in this sense "the" space , "space," contains no spaces and no places. We never find in it any locations, that is, things of the kind the bridge is. As against that, however, in the spaces provided for by locations there is always space as interval, and in this interval in turn there is space as pure extension. Spatium and extensio afford at any time the possibility of measuring things and what they make room for, according to distances, spans, and directions, and of computing these magnitudes. But the fact that they are universally applicable to everything that has extension can in no case make numerical magnitudes the ground of the nature of space and locations that are measurable with the aid of mathematics. How even modern physics was compelled by the facts themselves to represent the spatial medium of cosmic space as a field-unity determined by body as dynamic center, cannot be discussed here.
(同学朗读、翻译和讲解省略)
这一段文字很长,这里海德格尔是讨论地方和空间的关系,大致的思路是这样的:首先是揭示地方和空间的真实关系,也就是说地方规定了空间;然后从一般的理解而回到希腊文和拉丁文对“距离”的理解,因为这个地方牵涉到“距离”;接着便指出西方历史上从古希腊到中世纪和近代这三个阶段对“空间”的理解便纯粹是空间,而不再相关于一个地方,这样的空间变成了广延、距离,变成了可测量、可计算的。而在下面紧接的一小段之中,海德格尔说明了这样理解的空间是遮蔽了空间的本性的,因为它没有回到空间的本源之地就是地方。
我们再标明一下此段中一些重要之处。因为这里面牵涉到希腊文和拉丁文,把它变成德文和英文,再变成中文的时候,可以说是非常费解。如果不根据希腊文、拉丁文和德语的词根,英语是很难单独讲清楚的。所以这一段文字中字源学的考证大家可以稍微忽略不计。首先,关于地方和空间的本源关系,桥作为一个建筑物,提供了一个场所,进而建立了一个空间,在这样的思路中,地方是决定空间的,在此空间中有天地人神。也就是说桥作为物让天地人神进入到桥所形成的空间之中去。大家想这是不是彻底扭转了我们日常思维的看法。一般来讲,人在天地间,桥也在天地间,但是这样的天地是客观的对象化的,我们应该尽量抛弃这样的看法。因为海德格尔指出,正是桥让天空、大地、人和神进入到桥的特定的空间之中去,它们都与桥相关,而不是一般意义上的天地人神。除了这一点,海德格尔还强调,桥的这么一个空间实际上还包含了桥周边的一些地点、位置,它们与桥自身的或远或近的关系。我们一般把这种远和近理解为与桥构成的各种各样的距离,由此便进入了对“ 距离”的希腊文、拉丁文和近现代科技语境下的探讨。它们大致是把“距离”看成是一个广延,此广延是可计算、可度量的,并且还可以通过尺度把它标明出来体现为数据。海德格尔指出了这样的距离并不能表明一个地方和一个空间的真实关系,他在另外一篇文章当中举了一个例子,就是说现代技术已经缩短了这个距离,比如从中国到美国过去要坐船去是很远的,而现在坐飞机去是很近的,我们的通信也是这样,过去起码要一周,现在通过E-mail可以零距离。我们空间的距离可以转化成一种时间的距离。而现在这个零距离就使空间和时间完全化为一体,因此我们可以说,现代技术一个最基本的特点就是去距离化。但是这里有这样一个问题:这种去距离化,也就是说不再远了,而是近了。那么人真的是变得更近了吗?恰恰相反,我们知道现代人经常跟人在网上聊天变得很近,但事实上我们的人际关系是越来越疏远。因此海德格尔的“远”和“近”应该在这个层面上理解,也就是说,不是客观的可标化的物理的距离,真正的距离在于事物它自身的生成过程当中。如果空间与事物自身的生成相关的话,它是虽远却近,相反呢,则是虽近却远。我们唐诗里面有非常著名的一句话,“海内存知己,天涯若比邻”,讲的就是这个意思,尽管可度量的距离是很远,但是在场所、地方和空间这一思路层面上却是很近的。我记得朦胧诗人顾城也有首诗写:“你/一会儿看我/一会儿看云/我觉得/你看我时很远/你看云时很近。”总而言之,海德格尔在探讨空间和地方的时候,主要是强调从地方的天地人神的关系去讨论空间的远和近,而不是把空间变成纯粹的距离,变成三维,变成可测量、可计算和可标化的,这么一个空间虽然事实上一直被科学技术所利于,但它是违背了空间的本性的。